Drafts with AI – Part 1

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Throughout this semester, I dove into learning more about the legal and technological realities (?) of artificial intelligence. I have buried myself in the research to the point I am not sure which way is up. Therefore, I have decided to see the draft Perplexity Pro would create. I selected (and paid for) Perplexity Pro due to the Columbia Journalism Review’s recent study entitled “AI Search has a Citation Problem” from March 2025. Out of the eight studied, Perplexity Pro was completely correct with the greatest statistical average, while also achieving the lowest score for being completely incorrect.

Although I let Perplexity AI Take a Stab a few days ago, it was using the free model and feeding in my text from the Writing My Chapter post. For this attempt, I am only providing the prompt and a section of a bare-bones outline to find out what I am missing.

Here is the first part of the outline and prompt:
Please write the introduction to a chapter on AI and privacy for a textbook titled Digital Rights and Privacy in the United States: A Primer. The textbook is for freshmen and sophomore university students primarily studying communication studies. You must use academic and industry sources to write it. The introduction needs to cover the following: 1. What is AI? 2. What types currently exist? 3.) How the types are used 4.) Who are the current major organizations involved in the industry

Here is the response: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming nearly every aspect of modern life, from how we communicate and consume information to the ways organizations make decisions and solve problems. At its core, AI refers to computer systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning from experience, understanding language, recognizing patterns, and making decisions11611. Unlike traditional software, which follows fixed instructions, AI systems can adapt and improve over time by analyzing data and identifying patterns within it116.

Types of AI

AI can be categorized in several ways, but the most common framework distinguishes between three main types based on capability:

  • Narrow AI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence, ANI): This is the type of AI most prevalent today. Narrow AI systems are designed to perform specific tasks-such as voice recognition, image classification, or recommendation engines-and excel within their designated domains but cannot operate outside them21213. Examples include virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa, facial recognition in smartphones, and the recommendation algorithms behind Netflix and Amazon4131718.
  • General AI (Artificial General Intelligence, AGI): AGI refers to a theoretical form of AI that would possess cognitive abilities comparable to humans, allowing it to understand, learn, and apply intelligence across a wide range of tasks and domains212. While AGI remains a goal for researchers, no such systems currently exist. If achieved, AGI could revolutionize fields such as healthcare, education, and scientific research by offering flexible, human-like reasoning and problem-solving abilities5.
  • Super AI (Artificial Superintelligence, ASI): ASI is a hypothetical stage in which AI surpasses human intelligence in all respects, including creativity, problem-solving, and social intelligence212. This concept is largely speculative and raises profound ethical and societal questions.

AI can also be described by its functionality. For example, reactive machines respond to specific inputs without memory, while limited memory AI-the foundation of most current applications-can learn from past data to improve performance over time2312.

How the Types Are Used

  • Narrow AI powers everyday technologies such as chatbots, virtual assistants, personalized advertising, autonomous vehicles, and medical diagnostic tools41318. Its use spans industries including healthcare, finance, manufacturing, entertainment, and transportation617.
  • General AI, though not yet realized, is envisioned to enable machines to perform any intellectual task a human can, with potential applications in complex decision-making, adaptive learning, and creative problem-solving across all sectors5.
  • Super AI remains a subject of academic debate and science fiction, with discussions centered on its potential risks and benefits for society212.

Major Organizations in the AI Industry

The rapid advancement of AI is driven by a combination of established technology giants, innovative startups, and research institutions. Key players include:

  • Google (Alphabet): A leader in AI research and applications, offering generative AI tools, cloud-based AI services, and responsible AI initiatives915.
  • OpenAI: Known for developing advanced language models like ChatGPT and DALL-E, with a focus on artificial general intelligence and ethical deployment915.
  • Microsoft: A major investor in AI research and infrastructure, integrating AI across its products and cloud services1514.
  • IBM: Pioneering enterprise AI solutions through its Watson platform and emphasizing responsible, scalable AI deployments915.
  • Meta (Facebook): Embedding AI in social media platforms and advancing AI research for content moderation and user engagement9.
  • NVIDIA: Dominant in AI hardware, providing GPUs and accelerators essential for training and deploying AI models1410.
  • Anthropic: Focused on building safe, reliable generative AI systems, including the Claude family of language models97.
  • Emerging Startups: Companies like Databricks, Deepgram, and Shield AI are innovating in areas such as data analytics, speech recognition, and autonomous systems78.

These organizations, along with academic leaders and government agencies, are shaping the trajectory of AI development and its integration into society.

As AI continues to evolve, understanding its types, uses, and the organizations behind its advancement is essential for navigating the complex landscape of digital rights and privacy in the United States. This chapter will explore how AI intersects with privacy concerns, regulatory frameworks, and the future of digital communication.

Citations:

  1. https://meng.uic.edu/news-stories/ai-artificial-intelligence-what-is-the-definition-of-ai-and-how-does-ai-work/
  2. https://lumenalta.com/insights/what-are-the-different-types-of-ai
  3. https://www.bairesdev.com/blog/types-of-ai/
  4. https://bigblue.academy/en/narrow-ai
  5. https://futureskillsacademy.com/blog/general-ai-examples/
  6. https://acropolium.com/blog/ai-use-cases-in-major-industries-elevate-your-business-with-disruptive-technology/
  7. https://explodingtopics.com/blog/ai-startups
  8. https://www.crn.com/news/ai/2025/the-25-hottest-ai-companies-for-data-center-and-edge-the-2025-crn-ai-100
  9. https://www.eweek.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-companies/
  10. https://aimagazine.com/articles/top-10-ai-leaders-in-the-us
  11. https://hai-production.s3.amazonaws.com/files/2020-09/AI-Definitions-HAI.pdf
  12. https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/types-of-artificial-intelligence
  13. https://www.datacamp.com/blog/what-is-narrow-ai
  14. https://autogpt.net/7-top-ai-companies-in-2025/
  15. https://iot-analytics.com/leading-generative-ai-companies/
  16. https://www.nasa.gov/what-is-artificial-intelligence/
  17. https://codoid.com/ai/narrow-ai-examples/
  18. https://viso.ai/deep-learning/artificial-narrow-intelligence-ani/
  19. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2023.2290497
  20. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence
  21. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401221000761
  22. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence-types
  23. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773207X24001386
  24. https://www.unf.edu/ofe/ai/definitions.html
  25. https://codebots.com/artificial-intelligence/the-3-types-of-ai-is-the-third-even-possible
  26. https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-use-cases-and-applications/
  27. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8633405/
  28. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence
  29. https://lumenalta.com/insights/what-is-ai-an-overview-of-artificial-intelligence
  30. https://www.coursera.org/articles/types-of-ai
  31. https://bernardmarr.com/what-is-weak-narrow-ai-here-are-8-practical-examples/
  32. https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/narrow-AI-weak-AI
  33. https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders
  34. https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/types-of-artificial-intelligence
  35. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-general-intelligence-examples
  36. https://onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu/artificial-intelligence-business/
  37. https://lumenalta.com/insights/what-are-the-different-types-of-ai
  38. https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/artificial-intelligence-tutorial/narrow-ai
  39. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence
  40. https://ebsedu.org/blog/7-types-of-artificial-intelligence
  41. https://www.forbes.com/lists/ai50/
  42. https://www.cbinsights.com/research/report/artificial-intelligence-top-startups-2025/
  43. https://www.sequoiacap.com/article/ai-50-2025/
  44. https://www.carahsoft.com/blog/carahsoft-the-top-10-ai-events-for-government-blog-2025
  45. https://www.businessbecause.com/news/mba-jobs/9749/top-ai-companies-forbes
  46. https://www.fastcompany.com/91269023/artificial-intelligence-most-innovative-companies-2025
  47. https://builtin.com/companies/type/artificial-intelligence-companies
  48. https://www.stash.com/learn/top-ai-companies/
  49. https://www.fastcompany.com/91268960/applied-ai-most-innovative-companies-2025
  50. https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-companies-roundup
  51. https://www.forbes.com/sites/cio/2024/04/11/meet-the-ai-leaders-reshaping-technology-and-business/
  52. https://wellfound.com/startups/industry/artificial-intelligence
  53. https://www.l2l.com/blog/ai-in-manufacturing-where-weve-been-and-where-were-going
  54. https://learning.nd.edu/resource-library/ai-overview-and-definitions/
  55. https://www.bmc.com/blogs/artificial-intelligence-types/
  56. https://www.b12.io/resource-center/ai-how-to-guides/understanding-artificial-general-intelligence-and-its-practical-use-cases.html
  57. https://www.founderoo.co/resources/the-top-ai-companies-to-follow-the-companies-to-watch-in-the-world-of-artificial-intelligence
  58. https://www.processexcellencenetwork.com/ai/articles/the-top-30-ai-leaders-in-pex-to-follow-in-2025

Answer from Perplexity: https://www.perplexity.ai/search/please-write-the-introduction-LExJwkb8Q9WMEYiAV_DsUQ?utm_source=copy_output

I then refined the prompt to request: Integrate the types of activities for each AI type with the definition. In addition, provide more details about the types of products and activities from the organizations.

The edited response: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly evolving field that enables machines to simulate human intelligence, learning from data, recognizing patterns, and making decisions. Understanding the types of AI-how they work, their typical activities, and the products built by leading organizations-provides a foundation for examining AI’s impact on digital rights and privacy.

Types of AI and Their Activities

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

  • Definition: Also known as “weak AI,” ANI is designed to perform specific, narrowly defined tasks. It cannot generalize beyond its programmed function212.
  • Typical Activities:
    • Language translation (e.g., Google Translate)
    • Speech and facial recognition (e.g., Siri, Alexa, Google Photos)
    • Recommendation systems (e.g., Netflix, Amazon)
    • Autonomous vehicles (e.g., Tesla’s self-driving features)
    • Customer service chatbots
    • Industrial robotics for assembly and quality inspection121012
  • Examples: Google’s RankBrain for search, IBM Watson for data analysis, OpenAI’s ChatGPT for conversation, and DALL-E for image generation41012.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

  • Definition: AGI refers to a theoretical AI system with human-level cognitive abilities, capable of understanding, learning, and applying intelligence across a wide range of tasks and domains2912.
  • Typical Activities:
    • Flexible problem-solving and reasoning
    • Learning new skills without explicit programming
    • Adapting to unfamiliar situations
  • Current Status: AGI does not yet exist; it remains a major research goal.

Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)

  • Definition: ASI is a hypothetical AI that surpasses human intelligence in all respects, including creativity, problem-solving, and emotional intelligence2912.
  • Typical Activities:
    • Scientific discovery at unprecedented speeds
    • Solving complex global challenges
    • Autonomous decision-making beyond human capability
  • Current Status: ASI is speculative and not yet realized.

Major Organizations and Their AI Products/Activities

Google (Alphabet)

  • Products: Gemini (advanced conversational and multimodal AI), Vertex AI (machine learning lifecycle management), AutoML Vision (image analysis), and AI-powered tools in Google Workspace (e.g., Gmail, Docs, Meet)31113.
  • Activities: Text and language processing, image and video analysis, translation, document intelligence, and personalized recommendations31113.

OpenAI

  • Products: ChatGPT 4 (conversational AI), DALL-E 3 (text-to-image generation), Codex (code generation), Whisper (speech recognition), Sora (text-to-video), and Swarm (agentic AI)4.
  • Activities: Natural language understanding, creative content generation, code assistance, and transcription4.

Microsoft

  • Products: Azure OpenAI (broad natural language tasks), Bot Service (cross-channel bots), Custom Vision (image recognition), Document Intelligence, and Content Safety5.
  • Activities: Building conversational agents, automating content moderation, extracting insights from documents and videos, and translating languages5.

IBM

  • Products: watsonx.ai (AI model catalog), watsonx.data (data management for AI), watsonx.governance (AI governance), and AI-native business transformation services6.
  • Activities: AI integration into enterprise systems, developing thousands of AI assistants and agents, and optimizing business processes with AI-driven automation6.

Meta (Facebook)

  • Products: Meta AI (conversational and creative AI), integrated in apps, smart glasses, and the web7.
  • Activities: Document and image creation/editing, conversational assistance, real-time information retrieval, and interactive AI experiences in social media and wearable devices7.

NVIDIA

  • Products: NVIDIA AI Enterprise (cloud-native AI platform), NIM microservices (inference for foundation models), NeMo tools (model customization and evaluation), and Blueprints (reference workflows for AI agents)8.
  • Activities: Accelerating data science, developing and deploying AI agents, building digital humans for customer service, and extracting insights from video and document data8.

AI systems, whether narrowly focused or aspiring toward general intelligence, are embedded in a wide range of products and services from these organizations. Their activities-from powering chatbots and recommendation engines to enabling self-driving cars and enterprise automation-underscore the profound influence of AI on communication, privacy, and digital rights in the United States12345678910111213.

Citations:

  1. https://www.bmc.com/blogs/artificial-intelligence-types/
  2. https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/artificial-intelligence/articles/narrow-general-super-ai-difference/
  3. https://cloud.google.com/products/ai
  4. https://zenithdentalit.com/top-open-ai-products-you-should-know-about-in-2025/
  5. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-services/what-are-ai-services
  6. https://siliconangle.com/2025/03/04/ibm-ai-strategy-ecosystem-collaboration-ai-native-products-mwc25/
  7. https://ai.meta.com/meta-ai/
  8. https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/products/ai-enterprise/
  9. https://ischool.syracuse.edu/types-of-ai/
  10. https://codebots.com/artificial-intelligence/the-3-types-of-ai-is-the-third-even-possible
  11. https://ai.google
  12. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence-types
  13. https://promevo.com/blog/google-ai-products
  14. https://www.create-learn.us/blog/artificial-intelligence-activities-for-students/
  15. https://pa-gov.libguides.com/c.php?g=1377901&p=10377899
  16. https://www.coursera.org/articles/types-of-ai
  17. https://www.reddit.com/r/ArtificialInteligence/comments/1ceaftk/whats_the_most_practical_thing_you_have_done_with/
  18. https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/artificial-intelligence-tutorial/artificial-intelligence-applications
  19. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/narrow-ai-vs-general-super-ahmed-banafa
  20. https://library.westpoint.edu/GenAI/capabilities
  21. https://ai.google/get-started/products/
  22. https://cloud.google.com/use-cases/free-ai-tools
  23. https://lablab.ai/blog/7-amazing-ai-apps-ideas-you-can-build-with-anthropic-claude
  24. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/databricks/large-language-models/ai-functions
  25. https://ai.google/get-started/our-models/
  26. https://openai.com
  27. https://www.ntiva.com/blog/guide-microsoft-ai-tools
  28. https://www.ibm.com/au-en/artificial-intelligence
  29. https://www.softwebsolutions.com/resources/what-is-meta-ai-everything-you-need-to-know.html
  30. https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/solutions/ai/
  31. https://www.voiceflow.com/blog/anthropic-ai
  32. https://docs.databricks.com/aws/en/large-language-models/ai-functions
  33. https://onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu/artificial-intelligence-education/
  34. https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/artificial-intelligence/articles/types-of-ai/
  35. https://ebsedu.org/blog/7-types-of-artificial-intelligence

Answer from Perplexity: https://www.perplexity.ai/search/please-write-the-introduction-LExJwkb8Q9WMEYiAV_DsUQ?utm_source=copy_output

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